American Psychological Association (APA)

APA Style help

Please Note: These examples are for reference only.  For complete style guidance,  you must consult the manual.
To Find More Style Information:

Citation Examples:

•  Use double-spacing for a manuscript. Single spacing may be acceptable for a class paper. Ask your instructor.

•  "APA publishes references in a hanging indent format, meaning that the first line of each reference is set flush left and subsequent lines are indented."  (Rule 2.11).

BOOK:

Anderson, K. (2010). Agitations: Ideologies and strategies in African American politics. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press.

ELECTRONIC BOOK:

Winkler, I. (2010). Contemporary leadership theories: Enhancing the understanding of the complexity, subjectivity and dynamic of leadership. [SpringerLink version].  Retrieved from http://proxy.library.eiu.edu:2048/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2158-1

JOURNAL ARTICLE:

With DOI:

Kanazawa, S. (2010). Evolutionary psychology and intelligence research. American Psychologist, 65, 279-289. doi: 10.1037/a0019378

If article is available in print:

Radavich, D. (2008). Tennessee Williams’ St. Louis on stage. Tennessee Williams Literary Journal 6(1), 10-22.

No DOI, retrieved online:
“If there is no DOI assigned and the reference was retrieved online, give the URL of the journal home page.” (Rule 7.01.3)
 

Hynes, S., Hanley, N., & O’Donoghue, C. (2010). A combinatorial optimization approach to nonmarket environmental benefit aggregation via simulated populations. Land Economics, 86, 345-362. Retrieved from http://uwpress.wisc.edu/ journals/journals/le.html

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE:
No author:

Sudden acceleration death toll rises. (2010, May 26). The New York Times, p. B2.

One author:

Pear, R. (2010, April 5). New health initiatives put spotlight on prevention. The New York Times, p. A10.

CHAPTER IN A BOOK: 

Brandwein, R. (2009). Mom had Alzheimer’s. In R.D. Gore & V. Starsia (Eds.), Voices of caregiving: The healing companion: stories for courage, comfort and strength. (pp. 17-21). New York: LaChance Publishing.

ENCYCLOPEDIA ENTRY WITH NO BYLINE:

Mollusks. (2007). In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 24, pp. 296-322). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.

VIDEO:

American Psychological Association. (Producer). (2008). Treating clients with generalized anxiety disorder [DVD]. Available from http://www.apa.org/

GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT:

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Studies. (2005). Mentally healthy aging: A report on overcoming stigma for older Americans (DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 05-3988). Retrieved from http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS80214

ERIC DOCUMENT:

Bonilla, C.A., Lauderdale, K., & Roberson, J.L. (1998). Chaotic conversation:  A foray into the complex world of communication. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED 432717)

A word about DOIs

The DOI (digital object identifier) system was developed by a group of international publishers to provide a means of persistent identification for items in digital formats. APA style recommends including the DOI in article citations when it is available. If an article has a DOI assigned, it can typically be found on the first page of the electronic journal article near the copyright notice. The DOI also often appears in the database record for the article.

APA attribution to Artificial Intelligence tools

In a recent American Psychological Association Style blog post, Timothy McAdoo describes the appropriate format to attribute text generated by Artificial Intelligence tools like ChatGPT. He notes that the appropriate use of these tools is a debated subject and that the citations being offered as examples are for "situations where students and researchers use ChatGPT to create text and to facilitate their research, not to write the full text of their paper or manuscript" (McAdoo, 2023). Read the full text of the blog post in the link below. 

Make sure that you describe the way you used an AI tool in your work, and provide the prompt you used as well as relevant portions of the tool's output. 

Since text generated from ChatGPT and other large language model generative artificial intelligence tools are not human authors, the citation is not attributing the tools, but the author of the tool. In the case of chatGPT, this would be OpenAI, the company which produced the tool. 

For example, a reference list entry would include the author of the tool, OpenAI; the date, 2023; the tool name, ChatGPT; the version (if available) and the tool description. In the case of chatGPT, it is a Large Language Model. 

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (August 3 version) [Large Language Model].
     https://chat.openai.com/chat

References:
McAdoo, Timothy. (2023, April 7). How to cite ChatGPT. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/how-to-cite-chatgpt .